Estonia
50%Aggregate pension replacement ratio
- EU estimate
- 60%
- Aggregate replacement ratio
- 50%
- Average gender pension gap
- 5.6%
- Retired poverty risk · 65+
- 46.9%
Money Atlas · Map 10
The retirement divide.
Compare pensions with late-career pay, then see why gender gaps and poverty risk create a very different map of life after work.
Official Eurostat data27 EU countries2024
Choose a retirement lens
Aggregate pension replacement ratio
Median gross pension income at ages 65–74 divided by median gross earnings from work at ages 50–59, excluding other social benefits.
Eurostat EU-SILC · 2024
What does retirement look like across Europe?
Higher is darker—not necessarily better
EU estimate: 60%
Country positions are approximate. Select a tile to inspect the published estimate.
The retirement balance
Three measures that do not move together.
Estonia · EU comparison
EU 60% · 10.0 points below
EU 24.5% · 18.9 points below
EU 15.5% · 31.4 points above
The marker on each scale is the EU estimate. The three measures have different meanings: a higher replacement ratio may suggest stronger income continuity, while higher pension gaps and poverty risks describe larger disadvantages.
Two views of gender
The middle and the average tell different stories.
Estonia · 2024
Men51%
Women49%
Separate population ratios—not matched individualsCountry ranking
The same measure, all 27 countries.
Aggregate pension replacement ratio · largest first
What changes the verdict
There is no single retirement league table.
Replacement is not a personal forecast
It compares two population medians in different age groups. It does not follow one worker from their final salary into retirement.
A narrow gap can coexist with poverty
Estonia has the EU’s smallest average gender pension gap at 5.6%, yet 46.9% of retired people aged 65+ are below its national relative-poverty threshold.
Mean and median gaps can diverge
Denmark’s average gap is 15.6% while its median gap is 2.7%, showing how the shape of pension distributions matters.
Exact snapshot
Six views of retirement income.
Percent · 2024
| Country | Replacement · total | Replacement · men | Replacement · women | Average gender gap | Median gender gap | Poverty risk · retired 65+ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Greece | 84% | 85% | 79% | 23.8% | 29.8% | 14.3% |
| Spain | 81% | 86% | 68% | 29.2% | 41.1% | 14.2% |
| Italy | 79% | 83% | 72% | 28.6% | 28.5% | 13.3% |
| Luxembourg | 78% | 64% | 75% | 32.7% | 43.3% | 8.6% |
| Slovakia | 77% | 77% | 78% | 8.4% | 7.9% | 9% |
| France | 61% | 61% | 59% | 27.2% | 24.5% | 11.7% |
| Portugal | 61% | 64% | 57% | 23.2% | 29.7% | 20% |
| Poland | 60% | 67% | 58% | 14.5% | 16.5% | 16.4% |
| Sweden | 59% | 60% | 59% | 23.3% | 17.3% | 10.8% |
| Netherlands | 57% | 59% | 61% | 36.3% | 39.6% | 11.8% |
| Czechia | 56% | 54% | 60% | 9.6% | 10.4% | 8.6% |
| Austria | 55% | 58% | 55% | 35.6% | 39% | 16.1% |
| Finland | 53% | 54% | 51% | 21.3% | 17.2% | 12.2% |
| Estonia | 50% | 51% | 49% | 5.6% | -0.3% | 46.9% |
| Hungary | 50% | 48% | 53% | 9.6% | 0.4% | 17% |
| Germany | 49% | 47% | 54% | 25.8% | 26.5% | 19% |
| Malta | 49% | 49% | 49% | 38.2% | 33.7% | 25.8% |
| Belgium | 48% | 50% | 46% | 31.3% | 20.3% | 11.6% |
| Denmark | 47% | 45% | 48% | 15.6% | 2.7% | 11.5% |
| Romania | 46% | 47% | 46% | 18.9% | 17.8% | 14.6% |
| Bulgaria | 44% | 47% | 45% | 19.4% | 11.7% | 27.5% |
| Latvia | 44% | 42% | 46% | 15% | 11% | 49.1% |
| Slovenia | 43% | 43% | 42% | 9.7% | 5% | 22.4% |
| Cyprus | 41% | 44% | 44% | 29% | 26.7% | 33.4% |
| Ireland | 40% | 41% | 42% | 31.1% | 24% | 22.3% |
| Lithuania · Provisional | 38% | 40% | 36% | 11.9% | 13.4% | 39.9% |
| Croatia · Break in time series | 35% | 34% | 34% | 19.3% | 16.9% | 36.3% |
Important boundary
Harmonised indicators—not a ranking of pension systems.
- The aggregate replacement ratio uses gross pension income and gross earnings for different age cohorts; it is neither a scheme promise nor an individual replacement rate.
- The poverty threshold is relative to each country’s own median income, so equal percentages do not imply equal euro living standards.
- Survey estimates and pension-system structures differ; Croatia is marked with a break in series and Lithuania as provisional.
Primary sourceEurostat EU-SILC
Aggregate pension replacement ratio by sex (ilc_pnp3), average and median gender pension gaps for ages 65+ (ilc_pnp13, ilc_pnp13m) and at-risk-of-poverty rate for retired people aged 65+ (ilc_pns6), 2024. Data extracted 18 August 2026.